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Respond to suspicion of opioid misuse or diversion by collecting more information and discussing with the patient.
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For both opioid and nonopioid analgesics, use the minimal effective dose for the shortest duration of time to minimize adverse effects. Pain intensity scales should be used in regular intervals to assess the success of pain management.
After obtaining the history, doing a physical exam, reviewing records and diagnostic test results, assign a diagnosis of chronic pain that identifies:
Many patient populations are unintentionally marginalized by both health care providers and health systems. This inequity is especially true with regard to pain management amongst non-white Hispanic, black, and other minority populations.33,34 Several factors should be considered when treating these vulnerable patients. It is the provider’s responsibility to recognize that inequity in this area is due in part, but not limited to, systemic barriers and complex influences such as implicit biases unbeknownst to providers.
Chronic pain differs from acute pain. Chronic pain is not acute pain that failed to resolve. It is a distinct condition that is better understood as a disease process than as a symptom. Use a biopsychosocial approach in assessment and management.
Pain location. Pain drawings are frequently used for patients to identify the location of pain. A drawing on an anatomical outline can provide a quick impression of the breadth and character of the presenting pain complaint.
Buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist opioid that is potent and long-acting. Consider prescribing it when a safer, lower adverse effect profile is preferred over full agonist opioids, or for patients who have developed tolerance to other opioids.
Painful procedures: common in pediatric ICU patients, preterm neonates, and children with malignancy IV cannulation
Transdermal fentanyl has a black box warning for opioid naïve patients. It should only be considered, even at low doses, for patients who are tolerant to opioids. Plasma levels of transdermal fentanyl are erratic and are influenced by several factors, including patient temperature, ambient humidity and temperature, skin thickness, presence of adipose tissue, and location of patch.
Consider prescribing systemic or topical non-opioid medications as an adjunct to the non-pharmacologic treatments noted above. Medications often have limited effectiveness, significant interactions or toxicity, and may promote false beliefs about the benefit of medications.
Substance use disorder complicating the treatment of chronic pain. The prevalence of substance use disorder among patients with chronic pain is significant. website Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that at least 20% of opioid-treated patients misuse or divert their medication.
While multidisciplinary subspecialty pain services are increasingly available, primary care clinicians will continue to manage the majority of patients with chronic pain. This care can be challenging and resource-intensive, and many clinicians are reluctant or ill-equipped to provide it.